![]() As macrophages are majorities of the immune cells, they possess important biological functions in the initiation, maintenance and resolution of inflammation. The pivotal event of inflammatory response in the colon is the activation of colonic macrophages. Therefore, it is paramount to explore innovative therapies and potential medications for IBD. Although these existing therapeutic options are effective in treating IBD clinically, they have consequential limitations such as side effects, tolerance of patients, and high medical cost of drugs. In clinics, the current treatment for IBD includes 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), corticosteroids, immunosuppressant agents, biological therapies and antibiotic therapies. Although the etiology of IBD is not fully understood, genetic determinants, deregulation of the mucosal immune system, dysbiosis of gut microbiota and environmental factors were exhibited to be essential factors in the development of IBD. Epidemiological studies show the incidence of IBD has been popular in western countries and it is continuing to rise in developing nations due to the western diet and lifestyle, bringing a substantial burden to patients, health care system and society worldwide. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of intestinal mucosa, which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). These results suggest uvaol is a prospective anti-inflammatory agent for colonic inflammation. venetum leaf contains uvaol and uvaol has potent anti-inflammatory effects on DSS-induced experimental colitis and LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Mechanically, uvaol inhibits the pro-inflammatory ERK/STAT3 axis in both inflamed colonic tissues and macrophages. Studies on LPS challenged murine macrophage RAW246.7 cells also revealed that uvaol reduces mRNA expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Moreover, uvaol significantly reduces mRNA expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1) and infiltration of macrophages in colonic tissues of colitis mice. We further found uvaol could attenuate disease activity index (DAI), colon shortening, colon injury, and colonic myeloperoxidase activity in DSS-induced colitis mice. leaf and found uvaol has excellent potential of inhibiting NO production. We isolated uvaol from ethanol extract of A. The disease activity index was determined by scores of body weight loss, diarrhea and rectal bleeding histological damage was analyzed by H&E staining macrophages change in the colon were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) myeloperoxidase activity was measured by myeloperoxidase assay kits levels of proinflammatory cytokines were determined by qPCR and ELISA protein production such as COX-2, iNOS, STAT3 and ERK1/2 were determined by western blotting. We investigated anti-Inflammatory effects on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. leaf and detected the most effective compound by NO inhibition assay. We isolated compounds from ethanol extract of A. venetum L., we did a phytochemistry study and investigated anti-Inflammatory effects of compounds and explored the underlying mechanisms. To understand the bioactive constituents of A. Apocynum venetum leaves are used as a kind of phytomedicine and the main ingredient in some traditional Chinese medicine products for the relief of colitis.
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